Genesis
The theory of Big Bang has long been accepted of the Vatican and the Churches as the scientific edition of Genesis (The Creation Account), because it all in this way started with Light. As, in the meantime, the theory of Big Bang is not valid within the framework of natural science, it cannot possibly be in the theology. Thus it becomes evident that an alternative is needed.
Maybe the following, that contrary to the Theory of Big Bang is unscientific, could be contemplated. Astronomers and astrophysicists presume that stars are created from nebulas mainly consisting of hydrogen (and a little helium). The energy which made the stars luminous came from an atomar process which transformed hydrogen to helium. All the other elements, of which globes, moons and asteroides etc. consist, was subsequently produced by later processes. So far, so good. But from where came the hydrogen?
There are two possibilities. 1) Whether has the hydrogen existed infinitely, and then suddently started creating a whole universe. 2) Or in the beginning prevailed emptiness everywhere, and out of “this merely nothing” appeared the hydrogen.
Option number one is too absurd. Thus we must look at "this empty void" from option number two. The consensus is that matter is a form of energy, which incidentally can be transformed to every other forms of energy, radiation, electricity, heat etc. We may imagine, that all energy in the whole universe, before the creation began, has been contained in the quantum field. That is a physical reality invisible and imperceptible present everywhere, also in 100% vacuum, i. e. emptiness without any presence of physical matter.
Following modern physics virtual particles emerge and disappear all the time. It are particles which spontaneous appear and with lightning rapidity disappear again in the vacuum, from where they came. It is all about nucleuses of hydrogen, electrons and other small things. The cause of the emergence is presumably fluctuations in the quantum field, whereby a randum emerging knot of energy produce a virtual particle. And the cause of the quick disappearing may be that the particles do not contain energy enough.
When the quantum field originally contained all existing energy, one can easily imagine that some virtual hydrogene nucleuses and electrons have been that rich on energy, that they became quite common particles, hydrogen and helium atoms.
These atoms constitute a nebula, wich became more and more dense, and small unevennesses in the distribution became, with the aid of the gravitation, bigger and bigger concentrations of gas. Insite each concentration raised the temperature, because the gas was compressed by the forces of gravitation. When large concentrations collide, a further rise of temperature took place because of the impact. At last some concentrations of matter became so big, that pressure and temperature was high enough to start a nuclear reaction, whereby the mass began to be luminous. The birth of the stars was in progress.
Of single stars spherical clusters of stars came into existence, and of these again globular clusters of spherical clusters of stars, galaxies. In the centers of these arised in the first place a completely chaos of colliding objects.
In some of the centers masses of a sufficient magnitude comming from without could hit the center mass tangential and get the whole thing rotating. If the center mass was large enough there could be created something, which could be called a “black cylinder” (not a black whole). One may then imagine that the walls of that cylinder was so heavy that the radiation of gravity from the space - not to any extent - was able to penetrate to the insite of the black object. From the center was neither radiation nor particles able to get out against the strong field of gravitation. The central parts was pressed together with a huge force resulting in a rise in temperature. The temperature was in advance considerable elevated by nucleare reactions. In the direction of the axis the space functioned more normal. The developed heat which could not escape in radial direction rised the temperature to enormous heights. Those extreme conditions in the center disintegrateted the matter and send a stream of pure energy out in both directions along the centre line. Out in the free space it was conceivable the two streams (jets) consisted of a mixture of pure radiation energy and particles generated in the energy saturated vacuum. A quasar had come to be.
At a moment that part of the halo, closters as well as single stars, which was destined for colliding with the center mass, was used up. Then the center lump was shrinking on account of the destruction process in the interior of the center lump. The gravitation would also decrease and the rotating cylinder cease to be black. The whole cooled down and at least the process was stopping. The jets was going out. While the gravitation decreased it was thinkable that the centrifugal force became larger then the gravitational force and the lump would explode. By this the spiral arms were created.
It is obvious, that the plane spiral structure of the spiral arms result from an explosion in the rotating mass. It may furthermore be as obvious, that the content of heavy elements in the spiral arms comes from the exploding lump.
The remaining stars in the halo however form a sphere. Because of their special distribution in the space, they were not predestinated for colliding with the center lump. Thus they did not take part in the exlposion and therefore do not contain heavy elements.
After the spiralarms have been created there can still be activity in the center. It can be because a remaining mass in the center is supplied with more masses, which allredy before the explosion had the direction towards the center. A regenerated center like that does not need to rotate in the same direction as it did in the first place, and the likelihood that also this will explode can be present. At rare instances the result will then be a galaxy with two sets of spiralarms rotating in opposite directions.
Not all of the first galaxies obtained enough activity in the center to be able to create spiral arms. These objects are called ellipse galaxies.
The idéa that hydrogen atoms suddently appear in the vacuum is not new. The Big Bang theory had for a long time a competitor, the Theory of Steady State, put forward by the English astrophysicist Fred Hoyle. According to this theory hydrogen atoms constantly just came into existence straight out of the “mere nothing”, that is out of the vacuum - although not in so great amounts. Thus these hydrogen atoms could then generate new stars in the great “void” in between the galaxies, and the abundance of matter could then be kept at a steady state although the universe was expanding. In the meantime still there exist nebulas of hydrogen, of which stars are created. In so far this could be thought of as continuing indefinitely although the universe was expanding. Eventually the theory was refused by the established science for the benefit of the theory of Big Bang. Steady State like Big Bang has it that the universe is expanding, although this is not the case, as can be seen from the article “The theory of Big Bang” on this homepage.
A new theory, by C. Johan Masreliez (1999), is also posing an infinite universe. Masreliez calls his theory “The Scale Expanding Theory”, that is the theory of cosmos with an expanding scale. According to the theory the expanding Universe is a consequence of "space and time scale" expansion. As everything is changing at the same rate one does not notice the change. This way the universe will be seen as unchanged, no matter weather one is looking ahead or back in time.
The only thing that points to an expanding universe is the redshift. According to the theory the redshift is not due to recession, as the distance between celestial bodies will always remain the same, because the measures are made with "measuring rods" that are similar extended. On the contrary the redshift is an expanding space-time effect.
In this theory the cosmic background radiation does not stem from a primordial explosion, but is seen as ordinary electromagnetic radiation emitted billions of years ago, and then shifted steadily more towards longer wavelength (redshifted), due to the expansion of the universe.
The scale is seen as changing incrementally by small steps (quanta), and when "the scale expansion" is entered into the General Theory of Relativity as a 5th dimension, it constitutes the missing link between this and the Quantum Theory.
That this theory can be fused with the General Theory of Relativity is no recommendation as both theories of relativity rest on unreal foundation, as can be seen from the article “The Theory of Relativity” in this homepage.
Thus we return to the quantum field and the energy. That the barrier between the hidden state in the vacuum and the normal visible (ponderable) state can be surmounted by admission of energy, is not new. According to Diracs theory of electrons there are everywhere, even in the empty space, the vacuum, an infinite multiplicity of (negative) electrons with negative energy, which we normally are not aware of. By admission of energy they can be brought into a state with positive energy, in which they are observeable. The particles was detected in 1932 by C. D. Anderson and the year after by I.Curie-Joliot and F.Joliot.
It is a part of the statement that the quantum field in the beginning not alone contained the amount of energy that still may be present in the quantum field, but furthermore the amount of energy from a previous universe. If the energy that our present universe is made of does not stem from a previous universe, it will have to have been stored in the quantum field for infinite time. Thus it would be absurd if a universe were to arise out of this energy or alternatively out of nothing. Therefore it follows that the present universe too must one day disappear into emptiness and that, after some pause, a new universe will appear.
It is too unlikely that the quantum field should have been there for an interminable time, and then suddenly start up creating a universe. That this universe should continue to exist eternal is as unlikely. It’s changing all the time.
One could imagine that the atoms are growing until there is no more supply in the surroundings. One theory states that all particles are growing because of absorbing the "ether", which according to Eduard Krausz (1991) should be the very heart of the gravitation. Thus it could be thinkable that the "ether" eventually would be used up, whereby the gravitation would fade away.
There are several theories of gravitation, for example one created by George-Louis Le Sage’s (1724-1803) explaining gravitation as a surrounding sea of faster-than-light particles, gravitons, pushing on all objects. In this connection we may imagine the atomic particles are growing because of absorbing the gravitons. And when no gravitons are left, the gravitation comes to an end.
In the meantime we could also imagine, that all particles and objects become smaller and smaller, because they all the time radiate more energy than they receive from the surroundings. When all energy eventually is send out there is no particles. The radiated energy may be assumed successively to be absorbed in the ether (the quantum field), from where it all originally came, and the cycle is finished.
A brief summary: In the beginning was emptiness. Space was completely empty from materiel matter, but present was the quantum field containing all that was necessary for the creation of a universe. Virtual particles arose and disappeared, as they do today, but some was loaded with enough energy to become material matter that persisted. That way hydrogen atoms came about. In time the atoms accumulated as a fog that due to a small unevenness in distribution and due to gravitation aggregated. These formed, in like way, still larger units that eventually became stars. Stars formed galaxies. Some stars exploded and send large quantities of heavyer elements out into space. From these came planets and the like.
The redshift is due to the fact, that light from the atoms in the stars is emitted with ever higher frequency. Then old light (from far-away galaxies) will have a low frequency and be seen as redshifted relative to new light (from nearby objects). This could for instance be explained by the atoms in course of time emit more energy than they receive from the surroundings. It could then be imagined, that the atoms in the millions of years will become so poor in energy, that they disappear in the vacuum like the virtual particles. When all energy in this way has returned to the vacuum, the emptiness again prevails and a new cycle can begin.
It is possible too, to state a reason for an increasing frequency as the result of increasing mass. Then one could imagine the atomic mass would grow by absorbing "something in the ether" which, after billions of years, at least run out, where upon everything desintegrate and disappear in the emptyness.
This was an attempt to find a replacement for the theory of Big Bang, but what about the genesis of life (biogenesis)? The answer is: There never has been any. Life arose spontaneously without the help of science. Life came before science. Science have never been able to create life in the laboratory or been able to see cells arise from anything but cell divisions.
It is stated that amateurs as well as studied have seen, how life can evolve spontaneously in completely sterile environments, for no apparent physical reasons. It has been observed at volcanic active sites in the deep sea at a depth of 2.5 km, and in laboratory experiments that can be repeated time and again. But the established science “knows” it cannot be done. It questions the sterility and has no intention of trying to verify the experiments, even this could be done easily and inexpensively.
With the “Creation of the Universe” we are come very close to the border between physics and religion. The consensus among physicist is that all consists of energy. Everyone has experience with energy but nobody truly knows what it is. But when, how and why the inconceivable amount of energy which exists, are created, are unanswerable questions. Therefore must this primordial energy be looked at as the causeless cause to everything. In the religion there are non either who can answere questions as when, how and why God is created, so here too we have a causeless cause to everything.
Physics and religion appear to be ending at the same point. So, a pure physical creation account explaned in utmost detail is not possible. Causeless causes are after all not normal within the physics, so here must the philosophy take over. For that matter the orientally philosophy "The Mentalism" [3] has done this fairly good already before our chronology, but this is an other story. Here we will finish with a pair of quotations from the borderland between physics and religion:
The following are said about the substance of the universe:
- Niels Bohr: "The Universe is like a thought".
- The astronomer James Jeans: The Universe is more like a great thought than an impressive
mashine.[1]
- The astronomer Arthur Eddington: "The substance of the Universe is thought substance".[1]
- Jean Guitton: "The Universe is one great thought" and "Matter is made of spirit".[2]
- Paul Brunton: "The outer world exists, but it is of mental matter". [3]
and about the existence
- Brahman wipes out the World against the end of the four Yugas, or by the end of every Kalpa. [1]
- When the collective karma is depleded, a period of the World History is ending. The manifested universe retires. Every universe is an inheritance from the previous (it is karmic bound up with the previous). [3]
- If the World Soul just a moment suspends his visualizing activity the world would, as Shakespeare says, “disintegrate and don’t leave as much as a reek”. [3]
References
- Masreliez, C.J. (1999), "The Scale Expanding Cosmos Theory", Astrophysics and Space Science 266 (3):399-447
- Dirac, P.A.M. (1930). "A Theory of Electrons and Protons". Proc. R. Soc. A126 360 (1930)
- Anderson, C.D. (1933). "The Positive Electron". Phys. Rev. 43, 491-494 (1933)
- Krausz, E. (1998). “Das Universum funktioniert anders". Corona Verlag ISBN-10: 3928084798, ISBN- 13: 978-3928084796
- Le Sage, G. "Aufzeichnungen über die Theorie der Schwere von Georg-Louis Le Sage"
(Georg Christoph Lichtenberg). Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen.
II. Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse. Jahrgang 2003, Nr.1.
1 Wilbert, Ken, Det holografiske Verdensbillede, 1985
2 Guitton, Jean + Grichka og Igor Bogdanov, Gud og Videnskaben, 1992
3 Brunton, Paul, Visdommens Bog I-IV, 1957-58
English edition: "The Hidden Teaching Beyond Yoga" and "The Visdom of The Overself".